Howard Hardee has worked as a writer, reporter, and editor for 15 years, most recently covering airlines and future flight technologies for FlightGlobal. After graduating with a journalism degree from the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, he wrote about science, forestry, music, and local government for a variety of newspapers and magazines. Now, he oversees editorial content published by Leeham News and Analysis (LNA) and its contributing writers, taking special interest in airliner manufacturing, fleet strategies and real-world operations. His work has been recognized with several journalism and aviation industry awards, including a 2025 Aerospace Media Award for best breaking news coverage. He lives with his family in Northern California.

Leeham News and Analysis Editor

Howard Hardee

The first GTF Advantage engines entered service earlier this month on an Airbus A321XLR operated by United Airlines. For RTX subsidiary Pratt &amp; Whitney, which operates on the timescale of decades-long engine programs, the operational deployment of its next-generation geared turbofan (GTF) was worth celebrating.
“It is really super exciting for us,” Matt Teicholz, P&amp;W's program chief engineer, commercial engines, recently told Leeham News and Analysis (LNA).&nbsp;“It has been about a decade since our last entry into service. It doesn’t happen very often for us; I don’t know when the next one’s going to be, so it’s a really invigorating moment."
It is a long-awaited moment for P&amp;W's airline customers, as well.&nbsp;The GTF Advantage upgrades are expected to <a href="https://leehamnews.com/2026/09/24/first-gtf-advantage-powered-a321xlr-delivered-to-united/">roughly double</a> "time on wing compared to today’s GTF engine"—important because durability issues have been severely disruptive for operators.
P&amp;W says its latest engines will also deliver improved thrust and fuel efficiency compared to previous-generation PW1100Gs, which are one of the engine options powering the global fleet of Airbus A320neo-family aircraft alongside the competing CFM Leap-1A.
The Connecticut-based group will work through a period of low-rate initial production for six-to-nine months, slowly ramping up to a 2028 production cutover. Barring setbacks, all newly produced GTFs will be Advantage units by then.
Meanwhile, P&amp;W will gather field data on the new engine's performance and ramp up its supply chain. The Advantage platform will rely heavily on P&amp;W’s production facility in Asheville, North Carolina, which is to produce many of the hot section’s parts and components. While P&amp;W assembled the first units in the U.S., partner MTU Aero Engines<a href="https://www.mtu.de/investors/publications-events/latest-ir-news/ir-news-details/first-gtf-advantage-delivered-to-united-airlines/"> recently confirmed</a> that GTF Advantage engines are also being assembled at its facility in Munich.
“Once we’re satisfied, we’ll say we have achieved what we wanted from a readiness standpoint, both in production and product performance,” Teicholz said. “Then, we’ll initiate a cutover period, and in 2028 we should be through that cutover period and producing 100% Advantages.”
At that point, older PW1100Gs will be out of production and P&amp;W will shift to producing the new PW1100G/2s.
<h2>'Out of the Crisis Zone'</h2>
For now, the GTF Advantage is early in its operational life, and a lot is riding on whether it delivers advertised durability gains.
Speaking to reporters at Airbus headquarters in Toulouse on October 13, Christoph Zammert—head of the A320 program—told LNA that the airframer has been encouraged by the results of P&amp;W's GTF Advantage certification test program.
"What Pratt &amp; Whitney have done is looked at all the issues they encountered during the initial service life of the GTF engine, and they have brought with the GTF Advantage a comprehensive modification package that addresses all of those items—mainly with respect to time-on-wing and the environmentally harsh conditions where the aircraft is operating," he explained. "It's too soon to tell whether it's delivering, but everything we have seen during the certification process, everything we were able to observe on the test stands, is very promising to [achieving] similar time on wing as the predecessor engine, the IAE V2500."
Since July 2023, P&amp;W has been working through a highly disruptive recall of GTF engines to address a powdered metal manufacturing defect that was introduced on the supplier level, grounding hundreds of aircraft on a rolling basis. Operators of A320neo-family aircraft have been most acutely affected. More general durability problems also causing PW1100G engines to come off wing for maintenance ahead of regular maintenance intervals.
Issues with other members of the GTF family—the PW1500G and PW1900G engines that power A220s and E2s, respectively—have been less severe and appear closer to resolution.
"The fleet is nearly all back in the air," Guillaume Chevasson, head of the A220 program, told reporters on October 13. "We are out of the crisis zone with Pratt &amp; Whitney. We have come to very low single-digit numbers of aircraft grounded because of engine issues."
Chevasson expects the A220 fleet to be fully in service by the end of 2026.
Issues with the larger PW1100G engines that power A320neos will take longer to address, with P&amp;W's Hot Section Plus upgrade package still moving toward certification. However, the company has <a href="https://leehamnews.com/2026/07/23/rtx-posts-strong-quarter-as-pws-geared-turbofan-saga-continues/">effectively decreased</a> the number of GTF-powered grounded aircraft year-over-year.
<h2>Essentially Identical to Predecessor Engine&nbsp;</h2>
As the PW1100G works through growing pains, Teicholz maintains that the engine still represents a highly efficient baseline to build upon for the next-generation GTF Advantage.
“The engine is over 60% part-number common with the base engine; that’s very intentional,” Teicholz said. “You could put them next to each other and you would struggle to pick them out. There are maybe some minor differences that you can see if you really look closely, but they’re essentially identical when you look at them.”
When it comes to fine-tuning next-generation turbofans, small details are everything; P&amp;W was meticulous in identifying what about the baseline engines did not need tweaking.
“Things that didn’t need to be upgraded, didn’t need to me modified, didn’t need to be changed, we left it alone,” Teicholz said.
Seeking ever-greater efficiency, enginemakers created engine cores that burn hotter than prior generations. While that approach has largely delivered the desired efficiency benefits, it has also contributed to durability issues that have plagued latest-generation single-aisle jets.
The Advantage package aims to address those time-on-wing deficiencies.
“There’s a couple elements of magic in the engine that really drive the durability improvement that we expect to get," Teicholz said. "The first of which is the air. So, the fundamental thermodynamic match of the engine was tailored to drop temperatures. Just to be very simple about it, we increased the thermodynamic core size. We got temperatures in the engine lower. That’s the beginning of the durability journey.”
In addition to the hot section improvements, P&amp;W also increased efficiency of the geared turbofan’s compression system.
“That bought us not just lower temperatures, but also a little bit better fuel efficiency at the same time,” he said.
To that end, the enginemaker embraced advanced castings and modified airfoil coatings in response to environmental challenges—specifically, airliner operations in hot, dry, and dusty places such as Africa, India and the Middle East.
“We’ve spent a lot of time taking in the field learning, so we know this engine,” Teicholz said. “We know where the hot spots are. We know how it likes to run with nearly 60 million hours of experience, and we’ve optimized cooling on the airfoil to reflect the latest and greatest learnings when we designed the part.
“In isolation, none of those things is terribly new, but it’s the first time that this technology suite and this type of design has integrated all those improvements in one spot, and that’s why we’ve got a lot of confidence and are really excited to see what it can do in the field."
<h2>Anticipating Hot Section Plus Upgrades&nbsp;</h2>
P&amp;W's efforts to boost durability of its GTF engines are “not just about Advantage,” Teicholz said, as it has already delivered some 2,800 GTF engines over the lifetime of the program.
Many of the Advantage improvements cannot be applied to the older GTFs, as some new parts “are the wrong physical fit to come into the base engine,” he explained.
However, the new combustor and high-pressure turbine are transferrable. “That is a module that actually can be inserted with pretty minor changes, minor retrofits into the base engine, so it unlocks that Hot Section Plus upgrade that we’ve talked about, which wasn’t initially envisioned but certainly became clear that it was something that we wanted to do,” Teicholz said. “It doesn’t quite get you all of the durability improvements that we expect on the Advantage, but gets you most of it—90-95% of it, depending on your mission, for the base engine.”
P&amp;W is working to achieve Part 25 FAA certification for the Hot Section Plus, which will be offered as an aftermarket upgrade, and will be made available for operators of the first-generation GTF engines.
Of particular focus has been the sand-ingestion issue that has proven so detrimental to latest-generation turbofans powering single-aisle jets. Sand ingested into the cores of those engines can create a glassy ceramic coating on blades and vanes, blocking the tiny cooling holes that help moderate extremely high temperatures in engine cores. This phenomenon, called CMAS attack, can degrade engine components far ahead of scheduled maintenance intervals.
“I think the entire industry got pretty surprised with the latest generation of single-aisle engines in that not only was it the CMAS attack that we knew about…actually made that attack much more aggressive,” Teicholz said. “So, it made something that was already a problem an even-greater problem. We see that sort of attack happening in places in the world that normally, with the last generation of engines, didn’t have that big of a problem. That’s been a lot of the narrative out there—not just for us, but an industry narrative.”
While latest-generation turbofans have delivered the “single biggest step change in fuel efficiency in the history of commercial aviation, according to Teicholz, they have not held up as well as hoped in terms of durability. “That’s why Advantage has got us so excited, we think it takes that leap to get the durability and the fuel efficiency at the same time.”
<h2>'Sand Is Going to Be There’</h2>
While P&amp;W has employed various design features to divert dirt and dust particles from ingestion into the hot section of GTF engines, there are no foolproof measures.
“The sand is going to be there,” Teicholz said. “What we’ve been doing on the GTF Advantage and the Hot Section Plus in order to deal with it is multiple-fold.”
One aspect of the sand-mitigation measures is new coatings, which can be “very powerful antidotes to the type of attack we see in these harsh environments,” he said. Lower core temperatures are also critical. When sand is ingested, “the hotter it is, the faster it does damage.”
“So, these reduced temperatures that we operate at will&nbsp; help slow that damage down,” he said.
Another aspect of the Advantage upgrades is optimized cooling holes, configured around the “hot spots” and the parts of airfoils that tend to bear the brunt of CMAS attack.
“Being able to tailor and drop the surface temperatures of these airfoils in the right spots is the third thing that gives us some confidence,” Teicholz said. He emphasized that the GTF Advantage engine is not designed for relatively benign operating environments enjoyed by some North American and European carriers, but rather operators such as Indian low-cost operator IndiGo that face dry, hot and dusty environments on a flight-by-flight basis.
<h2>New Compression System</h2>
The GTF Advantage introduces new high and low compressors designed to improve airflow through the core and lower temperatures.
“They needed to be able to pump more air,” Teicholz said. “That was maybe the primary motivator of the changes. But we’ve also been able to incorporate modern aerodynamic features into those airfoils that has improved module efficiency, the aerodynamic efficiency of the compression system.”
It is extremely difficult to squeeze more efficiency out of the compression system; a gain of 1-2% is considered huge win, with subtle shape changes making a significant difference. Predictive modeling and employment of multiple test rigs allowed P&amp;W to develop the more-efficient compressor system.
“What surprises me about modern compressors is how small they are,” Teicholz said. “The last airfoil stage in these engine, putting out 35,000 pounds of thrust, is about the size of my thumbnail. Details really matter; clearances really matter.”
<h2>Lower Temperatures, Higher Efficiency</h2>
If P&amp;W’s engineers had done nothing other than lower the temperatures in the GTF Advantage’s core, it would have resulted in a loss of fuel efficiency. But more finely tuned aerodynamics offset the difference and then some.
“By increasing the overall efficiency of the compression system and doing a little bit of work in the high turbine, we’re able to make the GTF Advantage a little bit better in fuel efficiency,” Teicholz said. “That’s not been our focus, but nonetheless it is a more fuel-efficient engine on top of the already industry-leading fuel efficiency that you get with the geared turbofan.
“Thrust is also connected to that discussion,” he added. “Reduced temperatures gives you more capability to make more thrust. If you’re an operator that’s taking off in Denver or the Tibetan Plateau in China, this engine will allow you to achieve…4-8% more thrust, which allows more payload, allows more passengers, and allows more range at those high-altitude airports.”
<h2>Advantage Technology for A220 and E2?</h2>
While P&amp;W’s priority has been addressing the engine durability concerns on the global fleet of A320neo-family gets, P&amp;W's latest engine technology could eventually be applied to the GTF engines that power A220s and E195-E2s.
“The Advantage is not like a package that you can copy and paste into those other engines,” Teicholz said. “But the most important parts of the hot section improvements are part of our upgrade and roadmap package for the 1500 and 1900. While it may not come with an Advantage name yet, we are introducing the same upgrades, the same technology infusion into those products as well.”
This story was first published by Leeham News and Analysis, which is part of the AIN Media Group. <a href="https://leehamnews.com/">Subscribe here for exclusive coverage </a>of the commercial aerospace sector.&nbsp;

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