2024 Corporate Aviation Leadership Summit

Hanneke Weitering

News and issues relating to civil and military unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) of all kinds and sizes, including those used for intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR), combat (unmanned combat air vehicles, or UCAVs), law enforcement, research and other applications. Of particular focus is the FAA's planned integration of UAS into the U.S. national airspace system.

Essential news and analysis on the defense aerospace business. Your trusted source for new and ongoing programs and requirements in military aircraft (manned and unmanned), engines, avionics, weapons and associated systems, including ground-based air defense.

The Chaparral aircraft heads to the Arizona desert in July 

U.S. Marines Will Evaluate Elroy's Autonomous Resupply Drone

Elroy Air’s autonomous eVTOL cargo aircraft&nbsp;has flown&nbsp;for the first time, the California-based aircraft developer announced on November 16. &nbsp;The hybrid-electric Chaparral C1 prototype performed its inaugural flight on November 12, taking off vertically from the company’s flight test operations center at Byron Airport, just east of San Francisco. It successfully landed without incident after a 57-second hover flight.&nbsp;
“This is an exhilarating day for our team and the industry as a whole,” said Elroy co-founder and CEO Dave Merrill. “On Sunday our Chaparral C1 became the first turbogenerator-hybrid electric hVTOL aircraft to take flight. This marks a major moment for the industry, as hybrid-electric aircraft enable the dual benefits of runway-independent safe redundant propulsion and long-range flight well in excess of battery power alone.”
The Chaparral aircraft is designed to carry 300 to 500 pounds (136 to 227&nbsp;kilograms) of cargo to a range of up to 300 miles (480 kilometers). It&nbsp;features a fixed wing with 12 propellers and a distributed electric propulsion system, which is powered by batteries and a 150-kilowatt turbogenerator. The gas turbine recharges the batteries during flight, extending the aircraft’s range and eliminating the need to recharge the aircraft in between missions. Elroy&nbsp;has been flying with technology demonstrators since 2019 and <a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/news-article/2022-01-26/elroy-announces-launch-customers-autonomous-chaparral-vtol-aircraft">unveiled the Chaparral C1 pre-production prototype</a> in January 2022.&nbsp;
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The company says its autonomous vehicle will transform air cargo services, not only because it can fly without a pilot on board, but also because it can drop off and pick up cargo robotically in a matter of minutes without any interaction with a human operator. The company has designed a modular cargo pod for its automated cargo-handling system, and it is working with <a href="https://futureflight.aero/news-article/2022-03-28/fedex-test-autonomous-drone-cargo-delivery-elroy-air">FedEx Express</a> to test the concept for middle-mile logistics.&nbsp;
In addition to FedEx, Elroy has signed agreements with several prospective customers interested in using the Chaparral aircraft for commercial, military, and humanitarian operations. The company claims to have an order backlog worth more than $3 billion, and many of those orders are already backed by cash deposits. Customers include helicopter operator <a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/news-article/2022-07-12/bristow-commits-ordering-100-chaparral-vtol-freighters-elroy-air">Bristow</a>, aircraft leasing group <a href="https://futureflight.aero/news-article/2023-01-11/lci-add-elroy-air-chaparral-evtol-aircraft-lease-portfolio">LCI</a>, and <a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/news-article/2022-01-26/elroy-announces-launch-customers-autonomous-chaparral-vtol-aircraft">Mesa Airlines</a>. The company aims to make its first deliveries to Bristow in 2025.&nbsp;
Elroy has also received some funding from contracts with the U.S. Air Force, and the company recently demonstrated its autonomous cargo delivery system <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2fuCqyAYn8&amp;ab_channel=ElroyAir">at Travis Air Force Base</a> in California.

Science & Technology Editor

Elroy Air's Chaparral eVTOL Prototype Makes First Flight

Leasing group LCI has agreed to add up to 40 of Elroy Air’s Chaparral autonomous eVTOL aircraft to its lease portfolio. Under the firm order announced on January 11, the Ireland-based company has paid an undisclosed deposit to acquire 20 examples of the vehicle, with options for another 20. 
LCI sees the hybrid-electric <a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/aircraft-program/chaparral">Chaparral</a>—which will have a payload of around 500 pounds and a range of 300 nm—being used for cargo delivery, as well as applications including disaster relief, firefighting, and humanitarian operations. The design features a cargo pod installed beneath the fuselage.
According to LCI, the eVTOL vehicle will complement its existing fleet of&nbsp;helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft. The announcement did not confirm a projected date for first deliveries to the lessor, but California-based Elroy Air has previously said that it aims to have the Chaparral certified under FAA's Special Class 21.17 (b) rules and ready to start commercial operations by the end of 2023 with civil launch customer Bristow, which in July 2022 provisionally agreed to add 100 eVTOLs to its mainly&nbsp;rotorcraft fleet.
The <a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/news-article/2022-02-18/elroy-air-makes-case-chaparrals-transformation-air-cargo-services">California-based start-up </a>says it now has a backlog of orders for 900 aircraft with a combined value of more than $2 billion. That figure implies a unit price per aircraft of around $2.2 million, which would value the deal with LCI at just over $88 million.
“We are experiencing an enthusiastic response to the Chapparal and its capabilities to serve as a key part of a safe, efficient, and capable fleet of aircraft to respond in emergency situations, keep pilots out of harm’s way, and enable rapid logistics in a new and sustainable way,” said Elroy Air co-founder and CEO David Merrill. “Through our agreement with LCI, the Chaparral will be available for financing, enabling much broader access to the aircraft.”
While it is being designed to fly autonomously, the Chapparal can also be piloted remotely if necessary to comply with local aviation authorities. Its design features a high wing with eight vertical lift rotors and four forward-facing propellers for cruise flight. A 150-kilowatt&nbsp;gas turbine will generate power&nbsp;for the propulsion system and charge the battery during flight, eliminating the downtime otherwise needed to recharge batteries between flights.
Elroy Air is already&nbsp;<a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/news-article/2022-03-28/fedex-test-autonomous-drone-cargo-delivery-elroy-air">working with FedEx</a> to start testing the&nbsp;Chaparral autonomous air cargo system for moving shipments between sorting locations, the company announced earlier this year. FedEx plans to begin flight testing with Chaparral in 2023. Elroy has also said it holds agreements with several prospective customers for commercial, military, and humanitarian operations.
LCI is part of the Libra Group, which has subsidiaries owning and operating assets in around 60 countries worldwide. It says it plans to share commercial, financial, and end-user expertise with Elroy Air, whose financial backers include <a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/news-article/2021-08-04/lockheed-martin-backs-40-million-funding-round-cargo-vtol-maker-elroy">Lockheed Martin</a>.
“This commitment for the pioneering Chaparral system will enable us to efficiently support mission-critical&nbsp;remote logistical work and socially responsible humanitarian efforts around the world,” said LCI's&nbsp;CEO, Jaspal Jandu. “This forms part of our wider advanced air mobility strategy and will strengthen LCI’s position as the leading provider of leasing, financing, and investing solutions for this new and exciting market.”
In April 2022, LCI placed deposits to buy up to 125 of <a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/news-article/2022-04-27/lessor-lci-places-deposits-125-betas-alia-250-evtol-aircraft">Beta Technologies’ Alia 250 eVTOL</a> aircraft. That piloted all-electric vehicle will carry five passengers or 1,400 pounds of freight up to 250 nm.

Managing Editor

Charles Alcock

LCI To Add Elroy Air Chaparral eVTOL Aircraft to Lease Portfolio

Helicopter operator&nbsp;Bristow this week stepped up its plans to incorporate advanced air mobility services, with a commitment to add autonomous air&nbsp;cargo vehicles to its fleet. In a joint announcement with Elroy Air on July 13, the Houston-based group committed to buying 100&nbsp;<a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/aircraft-program/chaparral">Chaparral</a> hybrid-electric VTOL aircraft.&nbsp;
Under a letter of intent signed with&nbsp;San Francisco-based Elroy Air, Bristow is preordering the Chaparral, which is expected to be certified for commercial operations in 2023. Elroy says the vehicle will<a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/news-article/2022-02-18/elroy-air-makes-case-chaparrals-transformation-air-cargo-services">&nbsp;transform air cargo services</a>,&nbsp;not only because it can fly without a pilot on board, but also because it will drop off and pick up cargo robotically in a matter of minutes—without any interaction with a human operator.
Last year, Bristow made provisional sales agreements with eVTOL aircraft developers <a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/news-article/2021-09-23/bristow-doubles-down-fleet-electrification-another-evtol-order">Eve</a>, <a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/news-article/2021-12-17/bristow-evaluates-overairs-butterfly-evtol-advanced-air-mobility-plans">Overair</a>,&nbsp;and <a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/news-article/2021-09-22/bristow-expands-fleet-electrification-plan-orders-vertical-aerospace-evtols">Vertical Aerospace</a>. It also intends to add <a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/news-article/2021-08-26/helicopter-group-bristow-shifts-business-model-commitment-50-estol-aircraft">Electra's </a>fixed-wing eSTOL model to its fleet.
“Leveraging our expertise as both a helicopter and unmanned aircraft system (UAS) operator, we plan to use the Elroy Air Chaparral aircraft to fill an increasing demand for the movement of time-sensitive cargo for logistics, health care, and energy applications,” said Bristow executive vice president and chief transformation officer <a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/news-article/2021-09-03/helicopter-veteran-seeks-leading-role-advanced-air-mobility-revolution">Dave Stepanek</a>. “Bristow has 70-plus&nbsp;years of experience moving people and cargo. We expect to leverage that experience to usher in a new era of vertical lift operations and meet the express shipping cargo needs in cities and regions without relying on existing or new airport infrastructure.”
The Chaparral is designed to carry up to 500 pounds (226 kilograms) of cargo over a 300-mile (482-kilometer) range. While it is made to fly autonomously, it can also be piloted remotely if necessary to comply with local aviation authorities. Its design features a high wing with eight vertical lift rotors and four forward-facing propellers for cruise flight.
Unlike most air taxis and other eVTOLs, the Chaparral will have a hybrid-electric powertrain, which will give the aircraft more range than would be possible using only electric power. A 150-kilowatt&nbsp;gas turbine will generate power&nbsp;for the propulsion system and charge the battery during flight, eliminating the downtime otherwise needed to recharge batteries between flights.
“The Chaparral was built for the challenges we’re facing today. Demand for rapid logistics is outpacing today’s infrastructure,” said Kofi Asante, Elroy Air’s vice president of business development and strategy. “The Chaparral creates a ‘fast-lane’ for middle-mile logistics to an unprecedented range of locations that can serve remote, rural areas and can fly over rough terrain."
Elroy Air is already&nbsp;<a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/news-article/2022-03-28/fedex-test-autonomous-drone-cargo-delivery-elroy-air">working with FedEx</a> to start testing the&nbsp;Chaparral autonomous air cargo system for moving shipments between sorting locations, the company announced earlier this year. FedEx plans to begin flight testing with Chaparral in 2023. Elroy has also said it holds agreements with several prospective customers for commercial, military, and humanitarian operations.
An earlier prototype of the Chaparral aircraft performed its first test flight in 2019, and the company plans to begin test flights of a full-scale prototype <a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/news-article/2020-12-22/us-air-force-backs-elroys-chaparral-freighter-follow-agility-prime-contract">with the U.S. Air Force</a> later this year.&nbsp;Elroy Air has said it aims to achieve type certification for the Chaparral under FAA's Special Class 21.17 (b) rules in 2023.&nbsp;

Bristow Commits To Ordering 100 Chaparral VTOL Freighters from Elroy Air

FedEx Express and California-based autonomous VTOL cargo system developer Elroy Air have reached an agreement under which the package delivery giant would test Elroy Air’s Chaparral autonomous air cargo system within its middle-mile logistics operations, moving shipments between sortation locations, the companies said Tuesday.
FedEx and Elroy Air have worked together since January 2020 and plan to continue their collaboration to pursue the start of flight testing in 2023.
“FedEx was built on innovation and we are always looking toward new technologies to help enhance the logistics industry through improved safety, efficiency, and customer service,” said&nbsp;FedEx Express vice president of global planning, engineering, and technology Joe Stephens. “We look forward to continued testing and learning throughout our collaboration with Elroy Air.”
Elroy Air unveiled what it described as a preproduction version of its Chaparral C1 VTOL cargo transporter in January. The eVTOL aerial cargo system can autonomously pick up 300 to 500 pounds of cargo and deliver it by air to a range of 300 miles without the need for additional infrastructure such as airports or charging stations.
“We are proud to work with FedEx to build the next generation of express logistics,” said Elroy Air vice president of business development and strategy Kofi Asante. “When you’re not limited by challenging infrastructure, traffic, or airports, logistics can reach more people, faster than ever before. We look forward to working together to create a new future for how we get goods to people around the world.”
The Chaparral features eight vertical lift fans, four distributed electric propulsors for cruise flight, 11 aero-surface actuators, and a high wing. Other key features include a high-voltage power distribution system designed for fault isolation, a redundant 700-volt lithium battery pack sized to handle generator failure, an onboard detect-and-avoid system, a command-and-control data link, Lidar systems for ground safety and navigation, and an ADS-B in/out transceiver.
A 150-kW gas turbine-based electrical power-generation system will provide electrical power for propulsion and recharge the onboard battery during flight, eliminating recharging downtime.
For loading and unloading, Elroy Air designed a proprietary cargo container and automated cargo-handling system. The modular cargo pod consists of a pallet and an aero-fairing cover. Freight is stacked on the pallet and strapped down before the cover is slid over and attached for flight. Operators can move the pod with a standard pallet jack and forklift, and the aircraft features robotic winching and latching for rapid loading and unloading.
Once the cargo pod is locked and loaded, the automated cargo-handling system comes into play. “As soon as the aircraft lands vertically, it is assigned a place to unload the inbound cargo, where it lowers and releases the pod,” explained Elroy Air co-founder and CEO David Merrill
Merrill during the Vertical Flight Society’s Transformative Vertical Flight conference in San Jose, California, in late January. “Then, based on its next assignment, the Chaparral automatically taxis to and aligns with the new container, picks it up, and secures it for the mission before taxiing to takeoff.”

Senior Editor

Gregory Polek

FedEx To Test Autonomous Drone Cargo Delivery with Elroy Air

Elroy Air’s recent official launch of its autonomous Chaparral C1 VTOL cargo transporter gave the advanced air mobility sector its most comprehensive impression yet of what the U.S. start-up plans to bring to market. Speaking during the Vertical Flight Society’s Transformative Vertical Flight conference in San Jose, California, in late January, co-founder and CEO David Merrill predicted that hybrid-electric aircraft have&nbsp;the potential to bring express freight delivery services to parts of the globe that currently lack&nbsp;this convenience. 
“Because the Chaparral takes off and lands vertically, it can serve exponentially more destinations than traditional air cargo,” he claimed. “It’s also faster than ground transportation and has lower operating costs, not to mention better fuel efficiency, than today’s manned aircraft.”
According to Elroy Air, the Chaparral will allow logistics providers to significantly reduce—if not completely eliminate—their dependency on airports. “With this aircraft, you can fly goods from warehouse to warehouse, airport to warehouse, or warehouse to business customers,” Merrill said. “By creating a much wider set of cargo routes for middle-mile logistics, we can expand the reach of express shipping, enabling same-day and next-day deliveries everywhere.” 
The design features eight vertical lift fans, four distributed electric propulsors for cruise flight, 11 aero-surface actuators, and a high wing. The vehicle is expected to be able to carry between 300 and 500 pounds of cargo on sectors of up to around 300 miles.
It’s this range that is of particular importance for the Chaparral. “One key difference between air taxis and logistics-focused VTOL aircraft is range,” Merrill maintained. “A pure battery system doesn’t give us the longer range, which is why we opted to develop a hybrid-electric powertrain instead.”
Other key features include a high-voltage power distribution system designed for fault isolation, a redundant 700-volt lithium battery pack sized to handle generator failure, an onboard detect-and-avoid system, a command-and-control data link, Lidar systems for ground safety and navigation, and an ADS-B in/out transceiver.
A 150-kW gas turbine-based electrical power-generation system will&nbsp;provide electrical power for propulsion and recharge the onboard battery during flight,&nbsp;eliminating recharging downtime. “This aircraft was designed for very high utilization, with lots of flight hours per day,” said Merrill. “That means reducing downtime for recharging or loading and unloading.”
For the latter, Elroy Air designed a proprietary cargo container and automated cargo-handling system. The modular cargo pod consists of a pallet and an aero-fairing cover. The freight is stacked on the pallet and strapped down before the cover is slid over and attached for flight. The pod can be moved by a standard pallet jack and forklift, and the aircraft features robotic winching and latching for rapid loading and unloading.
Once the cargo pod is locked and loaded, the automated cargo-handling system comes into play. “As soon as the aircraft lands vertically, it is assigned a place to unload the inbound cargo, where it lowers and releases the pod,” explained Merrill. “Then, based on its next assignment, the Chaparral automatically taxis to and aligns with the new container, picks it up and secures it for the mission before taxiing to takeoff.”
The handling system, which uses an ultra-wide beacon-based triangulation system for localizing pods, was inspired by the drop freight shipping concept. “Using a separate cargo container and vehicle enables a very high utilization of the vehicle assets and the driver’s time,” added Merrill. “But unlike a truck, the Chaparral can go directly to the loading docks, resulting in even faster turnaround times.”
Having already secured provisional sales agreements for 500 aircraft, Elroy is confident that an immediate path to market exists for its Chaparral. “This is a really exciting moment for Elroy Air, and I believe our Chaparral cargo VTOL is well-positioned to change aviation—and logistics—for the better,” Merrill concluded.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
The California-based company expects flights to begin with commercial customers in 2023.
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Elroy Air Makes the Case for Chaparral's Transformation of Air Cargo Services

Elroy Air today unveiled what it described as a preproduction version of its Chaparral C1 VTOL cargo transporter. The company says the hybrid-electric autonomous aircraft will offer the express freight delivery industry significantly greater capability than existing smaller drones, by carrying loads of between 300 and 500 pounds over distances of up to 300 miles.
In its announcement, Elroy said it holds agreements from prospective customers in the commercial, defense, and humanitarian sectors covering the delivery of 500 Chaparrals with a potential value of $1 billion. It named American Airlines regional affiliate Mesa Airlines as one of these customers, reporting that the carrier intends to operate 150 aircraft on behalf of American, as well as United Airlines and DHL.
“The Chaparral is an important part of the future of express logistics,” said Elroy Air co-founder and CEO David Merrill. “It is built for full end-to-end automation, and it will safely and efficiently make express shipping possible in thousands of new places. It’s a delivery drone that’s faster than ground transport and lower cost than today’s traditional aircraft.”
According to Mesa&nbsp;chairman and CEO Jonathan Ornstein, deploying the autonomous Chaparral is a means to rapidly expand the capacity of an air freight industry that is struggling to keep up with rising demand. He cited&nbsp;pilot shortages and environmental requirements as factors pointing to the need for a new approach that will connect underserved communities.
Mesa Airlines has previously invested in Sweden's Heart Aerospace to support its plans to bring a 19-seat all-electric fixed-wing aircraft to market. It is also one of several launch customers for Archer's four-passenger eVTOL vehicles.
Ayr Logistics has signed up to add 100 Chaparrals to its fleet, which it deploys to support humanitarian operations in over 45 countries with agencies including the United Nations and the World Food Program. “What aid agencies spend on transportation is money that they are not spending on food, medicine,&nbsp;and other emergency supplies,” said the company’s chief development officer, Stephen Lyons. “Moving to unmanned, aerial cargo vehicles will make a huge difference to our cost structure and the risk profile of our operations. We fly in difficult terrain and difficult conditions. We don’t always have the luxury of a runway or even personnel at some locations.”
In August 2021, Lockheed Martin Ventures led a $40 million Series A funding round for the California-based start-up. Subsequently, in the fourth quarter of last year, the U.S. Air Force awarded Elroy a $1.7 million Tactical Funding Increase Award contract to support work in developing a concept of operations for the Chaparral in a variety of military missions as part of the wider Afwerx Agility Prime program.
“Agility Prime sees value in electric vertical takeoff and landing vehicles as well as hybridization that captures the benefits of electric along with the opportunity for greater range,” said Afwerk director Colonel Nathan Diller. “The Air Force has also actively explored different approaches to modularity, different payloads, and ultimately a way to reduce the number of humans necessary for logistics touchpoints.”
In 2019, Elroy Air flew an earlier prototype of the lift-and-cruise Chaparral. It has previously said that the full-scale prototype is set to start flight tests with the U.S. Air Force in 2022.
The Chaparral C1 aircraft unveiled this week features eight vertical lift fans, four distributed electric propulsors for cruise flight, and a high wing. It is designed to fit in a 40-foot shipping container or a C-130 military cargo aircraft to be positioned for remote operations.
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Elroy Announces Launch Customers for Autonomous Chaparral VTOL Aircraft

The U.S. Air Force’s Agility Prime program has awarded a Phase 3 Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contract to Elroy Air. The contract, for which the value has not been confirmed, will support technical demonstrations and performance validation of the California-based start-up’s Chaparral autonomous cargo-carrying eVTOL aircraft, with flight trials due to start in 2021.
Agility Prime is collaborating with companies to accelerate entry into commercial service of new advanced air mobility vehicles that could support a variety of military missions, including logistics. The Air Force aims to be able to acquire aircraft that would be ready to achieve initial operational capability from 2023.
Elroy Air has been working on the Chaparral since December 2016 and made a first flight with the prototype in August 2019. The company has previously said it aims to achieve&nbsp;type certification for the Chaparral under FAA's Special Class 21.17 (b) rules in 2022. In 2019, Agility Prime awarded Elroy Air a $1.5 million Phase 2 SBIR contract. Based on flight testing conducted last year, the engineering team has been working on some refinements to the design of the prototype.
The hybrid-electric aircraft is projected to be able to carry a payload of up to 500 pounds on flights of up to 300 miles. Elroy says the autonomous operations will include both the loading and unloading of freight.
In January 2020, the program received a boost through a partnership agreement with EmbraerX. However, the status of this collaboration now seems unclear. When the Brazilian aircraft manufacturer launched its new Eve Urban Air Mobility Solutions division in October, it made no mention of work with Elroy.

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